History of Montclair
For thousands of years before the beginning of European settlement, the area we know today Montclair was part of the homeland of the Lenape Indians, who hunted and trapped here and passed over our mountain on their way to gather shellfish at the shore. Such place names as Watchung (on the hill) and Yantacaw (place of dancing) bear witness to their heritage.

The story of Montclair as a settled community begins with the founding of Newark by English people from Connecticut in 1666. The lands of the Newark settlement extended westward to First Mountain, and having acquired acreage at "the foot of the mountain," Azariah Crane, his wife Mary Treat Crane, and their son Nathaniel, built a home in 1694 near the present intersection of Orange Road and Myrtle Avenue. Other pioneers arrived soon after, and the frontier settlement of Cranetown came into being in what is now the southern part of Montclair.

In 1679 Dutch settlers acquired land from the Lenape west of the Passaic River and north of Newark, an arrangement later confirmed by the British government. Among these were the Speers who built a home that stands today on Upper Mountain Avenue just north of the Montclair border. Other Dutch settlers established farms in what is now the northern half of Montclair. This community became known as Speertown and it remained Dutch speaking throughout the colonial period. In 1768 the Speertown Road (Valley Road) was laid out, thus providing a link between the two settlements.

During the Revolutionary War, First Mountain provided observation points for following the movements of the British to the east. A strong tradition holds that both George Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette were in Cranetown briefly in October of 1780. The boulder at the comer of Claremont Avenue and Valley Road marking the site of "Washington's Headquarters" is one of Montclair's better known landmarks.

Speertown would remain a rural hamlet well into the 19th century. However, beginning about 1800, several developments led to the transformation of Cranetown into a small commercial center. One development was the opening of a general store by Israel Crane, who received trade from a wide area. In 1806 Crane led a group of businessmen in obtaining a charter from the state for building the Newark Pompton Turnpike. Constructed over the next several years, the turnpike came through Montclair as Bloomfield Avenue and vastly increased the flow of commerce. Israel Crane broke new ground as well in opening a woolen mill on Toney's Brook. Other small industries followed. Also important for the economic development of the area was the completion of the Morris Canal in 1831. Meanwhile, in 1812, the Bloomfield ward of Newark became a separate township, which included the future Montclair. The village of Cranetown now became known as West Bloomfield and a post office was established under that name.

The most decisive event for the emergence of Montclair was the coming of the railroads. In 1856 The Newark and Bloomfield Railroad Company inaugurated regular service to West Bloomfield. By changing trains at Newark and taking a ferry from Hoboken, people could travel from the future Lackawanna Plaza to New York in an hour and twenty minutes. Attracted to the country setting with its panoramic views, people in the cities began riding the train to West Bloomfield, some for Sunday excursions, others for vacations, and still others seeking to make their homes here. By 1860 West Bloomfield was becoming a commuter town with its own marked identity, and influential residents persuaded the post office to adopt the name, Montclair.

Dissatisfaction with existing service led to a move to bring a second railroad to town. When Bloomfield authorities declined to authorize a bond issue to underwrite another railroad, Montclair residents were successful in securing from the state legislature a charter for a separate township. Thus in 1868 the Township of Montclair was created. The plan for another railroad went forward and by 1873 the Greenwood Lake Line was completed, with five stations in Montclair. In time as many as six thousand people would commute daily from Montclair via the two railroad lines. Trains ran on Sunday too.

The population of the community grew rapidly as New York businessmen and their families began building homes along the mountainside. The new residents sought to create in Montclair a model "country town" with convenient access to the city. Their vision was shared by a notable artists colony that began forming in the 1870's. A central figure was the landscape painter, George Inness. Able and dedicated community leaders endowed the town with superior schools, an excellent public library, a distinguished art museum and many large and influential churches.
By the opening of the 20th century a richly diverse population characterized the community. A new influx of New Englanders was joined by African Americans from the South and by Irish, Germans, Italians, Scandinavians and others newly arrived from Europe. Great mansions went up. But so did many modest homes. Between 1880 and 1930, Montclair's population leaped from 5,147 to 42,017. Talented people continued to be attracted to the community and by the 1930's more than 130 Montclair residents were listed in each issue of who's who in America.

The period following World War Il was marked by tremendous expansion of the metropolitan area. New suburbs popped up in the hinterland, along with shopping malls and corporate offices. No longer a country town, Montclair faced the challenge of preserving its character as a gracious residential community while at the same time sustaining its aging commercial centers. Social changes of the 1960's and 70's brought further challenges. In 1977 the Board of Education established a system of magnet schools with the aim both of achieving racial balance and of enriching the curriculum. After many years under the commission form of government, the community adopted the manager-council plan, and revenue sharing considerations led to the Montclair returning to the status of Township.

Today Montclair is a community of about 38,000 inhabitants. Never content to be merely a "bedroom community," Montclair is nevertheless a family centered town. Its heritage in education enlarges with the development of Montclair State University. Once again our hillside has become a haven for artists and writers. This is a seasoned community whose many old houses enhance its charm. Yet at the dawn of a new century, Montclair remains alive to the spirit of the times.

--Royal F. Shepard, Jr., Township Historian, 1997

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